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On the 150th anniversary of the Polish uprising of 1863, which began on January 23 in Warsaw uprising of the nobility, tried to restore Rzeczpospolita, then spread to the territory of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine. In the analysis of the events in any case can not be simplified as the causes of the uprising, and the overall situation in the Russian Empire and the world at the time. By the beginning of 1863 the situation in Warsaw and the Polish kingdom as a whole is very reminiscent of the situation in the late Polish People's Republic era Jaruzelski and "Solidarity" and the situation in the Baltic republics before the collapse of the USSR. The first is more about handling and control, and the second - to the center and the Russian general.
Very negative role played by the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War 1853-1855 period. Russia a la carte indy obviously did not have time - the world go forward: leading European countries began a massive rearmament of the army and navy. Replaced sailing ships were already armored, replaced smoothbore firearms - rifled. Dramatically accelerated the introduction of industrial machinery and machine tools. In Russia, with all that had serious problems, compounded by the empty treasury and the unresolved a la carte indy question of serfdom, which clearly impeded the development of the country. In Poland, for all that followed closely, and believed that the weakening of Russia, its problems a la carte indy in relations with Europe provides a historic opportunity to restore the Polish Rzeczpospolita. More problems brought peasant reform of 1861, abolition of serfdom system. But the problem of the reform was that the landowners, the nobles, who played a major role at the Russian Imperial a la carte indy Court, a la carte indy have made for themselves a financial guarantee. The peasants, having received personal freedom, partially deprived of land which they were treated while in the position of serfdom. In addition, the peasants had to pay a ransom to the landowner for the land. This redemption was very large and served one purpose - to compensate a la carte indy the landlord damages for loss of cash rents or income from serfdom. The landowner could put money in the bank from foreclosure and live on the interest, without losing anything. This can not be said of the peasant. For example, at 10 rubles dues peasant had to make 167 rubles redemption. In other words - almost 17 years to pay the same dues, but also to work out more and panschinu or pay extra for the use of the land of the landowner (the one that went after the liberation of the peasants a la carte indy was not enough). Even given the fact that the state is 80% credited these redemptions, payments to farmers were often prohibitive. All this met with great resistance of peasants - began peasant revolts and fermentation throughout the Russian Empire. Reform of 1861 was half-hearted and extremely controversial, since the peasants deprived of funds for many years and to all other problems added and Estates, internal destabilization of Russia. Under these conditions Petersburg tried to solve the problem of Poland exhortations and appeals in style speeches and actions a la carte indy of M. Gorbachev in the Baltic States. The results of such activities appeared fairly quickly. By January 1863, Warsaw was already difficult upravlyamoy - orders of the central authorities performed poorly, the police did not control the situation, prayer services a la carte indy in churches often ended in processions and demonstrations. The apartments are Russian citizens periodically beaten glass, walking a la carte indy down the street patrols were insulted in the Russian soldiers and even the officers could just spit at the meeting. Police stations and the location of troops periodically stoned. Poles demonstratively used everywhere only the Polish language, even in cases where the law was to be used Russian. Of particular popularity of such forms of expression of hostility to Russian and commitment to the Speech Posopolitoy as special outfits and brooches with the ladies. Even students of various educational institutions often Courage, burning Russian and German books (part of Poland was controlled by Prussia). Catholic clergy openly called for the restoration of the Commonwealth. Began to talk about the fact that the abolition of serfdom took islyuchitelno fear of Russia to defeat her by Britain and France and under their dictation. So much so, that even during a visit to Warsaw Alexander II to meet with the King of Prussia in October 1860 of the Polish nobility defiantly chose to leave the city, rather than accept an invitation to visit the Emperor his appointment. Those who went to the ceremony, poured oil, threw dirt and even beaten. Russian officers and Soldiers